As described in Citing and Referencing in Academic Writing, quoting or using direct quotes is one of the three ways for including someone else's ideas to back up your ideas, arguments, and claims in academic writing. A quotation is an exact copy of someone else’s words which can be simply a word, a phrase, a sentence, a group of sentences, or a longer passage.
Since the text you are
writing is your own work, most of it should be in your own words. Thus, use
only a limited number of direct quotations in your text. As a general rule of thumb, direct quotations should not exceed ten percent
of your paper. Consequently,
when you can express the idea just as effectively in your own words, just
paraphrase or summarize it. Use a direct quotation
only (1) if the wording of the original author
is expressed in a particularly cogent way so that it might be misinterpreted
if expressed in other words; (2) if the quote is particularly well-known; (3)
when the exact words of the original author would
lend support to your own ideas; or (4) when you want to give the author’s exact
position.
The
followings are guidelines to quote using the APA Style. For more details, see APA Format Citation Guide
1.
Rules for All Quotes, (1) Use
the exact words and
ideas of the source; (2) make sure the quote blend with your
sentence; (3) integrate the quotation with your writing using reporting words
or phrases; (4) Reference the source using the author’s last name, date, and
the page (p.) or paragraph (para.) number.
Paragraph number is used for quotes from electronic
sources e.g., webpages, some e-books, and electronic articles that have no page
numbers.
2. Rules for Short Quotes (less
than 40 words), (1) include the exact
words and
ideas of the source within the main body of your own text; (2)
encase the quote between quotation marks.
Look at the following examples
Example 1
Both quotations in Example 1 above are short. Quotation 1.a consists of 37 words, and quotation 1.b includes 28 words. They are integrated into the writer's paragraph. To smoothly blend the material in example b with the paragraph, the writer omitted some initial words and put three dots in an ellipsis […] to indicate the omission (see Rules for Modifying Quotes below). The material in Example 1.a above was quoted by introducing the author’s name and year of publication before putting down the quotation. The quotation in Example 1.b is referenced by putting the author’s last name, date, and page number at the end.
Example 2
Example 3
Rules for Modifying Quotes: (1) if you do not need all of the words of the source, leave out the unnecessary words and replace them with three dots in an ellipsis […]; (2) to help you build smooth transitions between your ideas and those in the original sources, you can add or delete a letter, a word, or a phrase; (3) Do not correct typographical or grammatical error in the original source—if you find any. Instead, reproduce the original and add (sic). after the error. The word “sic” (Latin) means “such; so,” which tells the reader that the original author wrote it that way, and you are simply quoting it as it was written.
Example 5
References
Christensen,
C.M., Horn, M.B. & Staker, H. (2013). Is K–12 Blended Learning Disruptive?
An introduction to the theory of hybrids. Clayton Christensen Institute.
Friesen,
N., 2012. Defining blended learning. Learning Spaces, [online] (August), p.10.
Available at: https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_
NF.pdf. [Accessed 10 January 2021]
Pardede,
P. (2020). Blended Learning: The Best Solution for Learning in the New Normal
Era. Available at https://www.weedutap.com/2020/05/blended-learning-best-solution-for.html
[Accessed 10 January 2021]
Pardede,
P. (2019). Print
vs Digital Reading Comprehension in EFL
Journal of English Teaching, 5 (2), pp. 77-90
Pardede,
P. (2019). Pre-Service
EFL Teachers’
Perception
of Blended Learning. Journal of English
Teaching, 5 (1), pp. 1-14
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